Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: Review of the literature from to Hum Exp Toxicol ; Occupational exposures and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and oesophagus: A case-control study in Sweden.
Occup Environ Med ; Barceloux DG. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol ; The cobalt content of human body. J Radiat Res ; Food and nutrition board recommended daily allowances.
J Hum Nutr ; A short-term cross-over study on oral administration of soluble and insoluble cobalt compounds: Sex differences in biological levels. Int Arch Occup Environ Health ; Developmental toxicity of cobalt in the rat. J Toxicol Environ Health ; Newer aspects of the roles of zinc, manganese, and copper in human nutrition. Chronic ingestion of Mn3O4 by rats: Tissue accumulation and distribution of manganese in two generations.
The manganese content of human permanent teeth. Acta Stomatol Croat ; Selenium deficiency in total parenteral nutrition. Selenium-responsive diseases of animals in New Zealand. N Z Vet J ; Hickey F. Selenium in human and animal nutrition.
N Z Agric ; Antioxidants and cancer. Selenium in the blood of normals and cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst ; Studies on the relations of selenium and Keshan diseases. The Keshan disease in China: A study of geographical epidemiology. Acta Geogr Sin ; Effect of selenium and vitamin E on the muscle diseases. Science ; National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D. C: National Academy of Sciences; Fluoride: Benefits and risks of exposure.
Crit Rev Oral Biol Med ; Aoba T, Fejerskov O. Dental fluorosis: Chemistry and biology. Flouride Metabolism. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co.
Limited; Metabolism ; Neto JB. The essential role of zinc in growth. Nutr Res ; Navia JM. Effect of minerals on dental caries. Adv Chem ; Khanna S. Immunological and biochemical markers in oral carcinogenesis: The public health perspective.
Beshgetoor D, Hambidge M. Clinical conditions altering copper metabolism in humans. Abnormal trace metals in man: Tin. J Chronic Dis ; Alexakis,George D.
Bathrellos,Hariklia D. Skilodimou,Dimitra E. Gamvroula Applied Sciences. Awomeso Biological Trace Element Research. Eckel,David V. Conti,Maria Kippler,Shohreh F. Farzan,Leda Chatzi Environmental Health. Mohammed Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Rabiul Islam,Md. Reazul Islam,Rubaiya Ali,S. Saiful Islam Heliyon. Luna,Jefferson S. Mahdi,Ayad Z.
Mohammad Materials Science Forum. Zhang Journal of Structural Chemistry. Abdulraheem,Zainab S. Al-Khafaji,Khalid S. Salman,Ali F. Whitlow,Naresh T. Alharbi,Shine Kadaikunnan,Jamal M. Khaled,Taghreed N. Almanaa,Baskaralingam Vaseeharan Microbial Pathogenesis.
Khorshed,Sherif M. El- Safty,Eglal R. Tunsu Waste Management. Warner,David E. Fleming Biological Trace Element Research. Zehetbauer,Dmytro Orlov Materials. Amais,George L. Donati,Marco A. Vieira,Edilene C. Ferreira,Silvana R. Gomes Neto Microchemical Journal. Bolotin Russian Chemical Bulletin. Rukk,Lyudmila G.
Davydova,Grigory A. Buzanov,Vasilii M. Retivov,Svetlana K. Belus,Evgeniya I. Kozhukhova,Alexander E. Barmashov,Alexey A.
Khrulev,Mariya A. Simonova,Valeriya N. Krasnoperova Mendeleev Communications. Korai,Ghulam A. Shar,Gul A. Ashiq,Hafiz M. Husnain,Nisar A. Shar,Rafique A. Taiwo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Ali,Fazle Rakib,Essam M. Perova Nanotechnologies in Russia.
Kuzmina,Ravshan S. Shamsiev,Galina A. Davydova,Elena A. Mironova,Artem M. Ermakov,Grigory A. Buzanov,Alena Yu. Skryabina,Andrej N. Streletskii,Galina A. Retivov,Pavel A. Volkov,Svetlana K. Kozhukhova,Valeriya N. Krasnoperova Inorganica Chimica Acta. Andrew,Peter A. Ajibade Journal of Molecular Structure.
Nadezhda A. Golubkina,Helene G. Kekina,Mezar R. Engalichev,Marina S. Antoshkina,Gianluca Caruso Folia Horticulturae. Sousa BMC Nutrition. Armentrout Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. Armentrout The Journal of Chemical Physics. Arrebola Environmental Pollution. Hasona Comparative Clinical Pathology. Cullen,Carl Sullivan Talanta. Saad,Mohamed M. Hassanien,Hatem A. El-mezayen,Nada M. ELmenawy Med. Isa,Sharida Fakurazi PeerJ. Amah Biological Trace Element Research.
Sapra International Journal of Cosmetic Science. Users Online: Year : Volume : 4 Issue : 2 Page : A review on role of essential trace elements in health and disease.
Biological Classification of Trace Elements. Categorical Classification of Trace Elements. Table 1: Macro Elements Click here to view. Table 2: Trace or Micro Elements Click here to view. Clinical Significance of Essential Trace Elements. Trace Elements and Fibrosis. Obstacles Facing Elemental Analysis.
This article has been cited by. Extract and Its Antidiabetic Potential. Abd Elmoneim O. Dimitrios E. Contamination of rice crop with potentially toxic elements and associated human health risks—a review. Prenatal metal mixtures and child blood pressure in the Rhea mother-child cohort in Greece. Caitlin G. Farzan,Leda Chatzi.
Higher levels of lead and aluminium are associated with increased risk of falls among community-dwelling older adults: An month follow-up study. An effervescence-assisted switchable hydrophobicity solvent microextraction before microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry for copper ions in vegetables.
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. Trace elements, peripheral blood film, and gene expression status in adolescents living near an industrial area in the Colombian Caribbean Coastline. Biodegradable zinc-iron alloys: Complex study of corrosion behavior, mechanical properties and hemocompatibility. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. Determination of some elements in the nails in patients with colon cancer using total reflection X-ray fluorescence.
Adoption of strategies for clean combustion of biomass in boilers. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology. Study design of laser detector for sensing zinc concentration in human serum. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Differential diagnosis of a diffuse sclerosis in an identified male skull early 20th century Coimbra, Portugal : A multimethodological approach for the identification of osteosclerotic dysplasias in skeletonized individuals.
Bruno M. Matos,Ana Luisa Santos. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Assessment of 26 elements in hair and internal tissues of Persian jird Meriones persicus in Darreh Zereshk copper mine, Iran. Journal of Preventive and Rehabilitative Medicine. A rhodamine based chemosensor for solvent dependent chromogenic sensing of cobalt II and copper II ions with good selectivity and sensitivity: Synthesis, Filter paper test strip, DFT calculations and Cytotoxicity.
Analytical potential of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for simultaneous determination of iron, copper and zinc in human blood serum and plasma. Effrosyni Zafeiraki,Konstantinos M. Kasiotis,Paul Nisianakis,Kyriaki Machera. Trace elements in forensic human lung: a new approach to the diagnosis of seawater drowning. A preliminary study. Altered serum elements, antioxidants, MDA, and immunoglobulins are associated with an increased risk of seborrheic dermatitis.
Ishrat Jahan,Md. Saiful Islam. A single-nanozyme colorimetric array based on target-induced differential surface passivation for quantification and discrimination of Cl-, Br- and I- ions. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Biological variation and reference change value data for serum copper, zinc and selenium in Turkish adult population. Optimized preconcentration method using magnetic dispersive solid-phase microextraction with GO—? Quantitative analysis of mineral elements in hair and nails using calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Investigation of the effects of chemotherapy on trace element contents in the nails in patients with colorectal cancer.
Copper concentration in erythrocytes, platelets, plasma, serum and urine: influence of physical training. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Assessing mineral and toxic elements content in rice grains grown in southern Brazil. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. A review article on nanotechnology in aquaculture sustainability as a novel tool in fish disease control.
Maher,Tamer El-Sayed Ali. ZnO Nanoadsorbents: A potent material for removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Colloid and Interface Science Communications. Trace element nanoparticles improved diabetes mellitus; a brief report. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. Raghad Hani,Bushra R. Natural filtration unit for removal of heavy metals from water.
Fatemah S. Determination of micro essential element Fe in foodstuffs using instrumental neutron activation analysis INAA. Harry J. Almanaa,Baskaralingam Vaseeharan. Zinc oxide nanoparticles for therapeutic purposes in cancer medicine.
Culinary and herbal resources as nutritional supplements against malnutrition-associated immunity deficiency: the vegetarian review. Topic: chemical compositions and mineral content of four selected South African herbal teas and the synergistic response of combined teas. Composition and functionality of bee pollen: A review. Technical development and optimisation of a passive sampler based on polymer inclusion membrane for uptake of copper, nickel, cobalt and cadmium in surface waters.
Determination of essential and toxic elements content of Turkish peanut and assessment of health risk. Potential human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements intake via consumption of soft drinks purchased from different Egyptian markets. Mahmoud Ghuniem,Mona A. Souaya,Mostafa Khalil. Incidence risk of bronchopneumonia in newborn calves associated with intrauterine diselementosis. Because of the experimental difficulties involved in producing deficiencies severe enough to cause death, especially for elements that are required in very low concentrations in the diet, a somewhat broader definition is generally used.
An element is considered to be essential if a deficiency consistently causes abnormal development or functioning and if dietary supplementation of that element— and only that element —prevents this adverse effect. Scientists determine whether an element is essential by raising rats, chicks, and other animals on a synthetic diet that has been carefully analyzed and supplemented with acceptable levels of all elements except the element of interest E.
Ultraclean environments, in which plastic cages are used and dust from the air is carefully removed, minimize inadvertent contamination. If the animals grow normally on a diet that is as low as possible in E, then either E is not an essential element or the diet is not yet below the minimum required concentration. If the animals do not grow normally on a low-E diet, then their diets are supplemented with E until a level is reached at which the animals grow normally.
This level is the minimum required intake of element E. The approximate elemental composition of a healthy Note that most living matter consists primarily of the so-called bulk elements : oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur—the building blocks of the compounds that constitute our organs and muscles.
These five elements also constitute the bulk of our diet; tens of grams per day are required for humans. Six other elements—sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, chlorine, and phosphorus—are often referred to as macrominerals because they provide essential ions in body fluids and form the major structural components of the body.
The six macrominerals are present in the body in somewhat smaller amounts than the bulk elements, so correspondingly lower levels are required in the diet. The remaining essential elements—called trace elements —are present in very small amounts, ranging from a few grams to a few milligrams in an adult human.
Finally, measurable levels of some elements are found in humans but are not required for growth or good health. Examples are rubidium and strontium, whose chemistry is similar to that of the elements immediately above them in the periodic table potassium and calcium, respectively, which are essential elements. Table 1. Because it is difficult to detect low levels of some essential elements, the trace elements were relatively slow to be recognized as essential. Iron was the first. In the 17th century, anemia was proved to be caused by an iron deficiency and often was cured by supplementing the diet with extracts of rusty nails.
It was not until the 19th century, however, that trace amounts of iodine were found to eliminate goiter an enlarged thyroid gland. Copper was shown to be essential for humans in , and manganese, zinc, and cobalt soon after that. Molybdenum was not known to be an essential element until , and the need for chromium, selenium, vanadium, fluorine, and silicon was demonstrated only in the last 50 years. It seems likely that in the future other elements, possibly including tin, will be found to be essential at very low levels.
Many compounds of trace elements, such as arsenic, selenium, and chromium, are toxic and can even cause cancer, yet these elements are identified as essential elements in Figure 1. In fact, there is some evidence that one bacterium has replaced phosphorus with arsenic, although the finding is controversial. How can elements toxic to life be essential? First, the toxicity of an element often depends on its chemical form—for example, only certain compounds of chromium are toxic, whereas others are used in mineral supplements.
Second, as shown in Figure 1. Very low intake levels lead to symptoms of deficiency. Over some range of higher intake levels, an organism is able to maintain its tissue concentrations of the element at a level that optimizes biological functions. Finally, at some higher intake level, the normal regulatory mechanisms are overloaded, causing toxic symptoms to appear. Each element has its own characteristic curve.
0コメント