The Bill passed through the Legislative Assembly but was defeated by a margin of two votes in the Legislative Council. Western Australian libraries go smoke-free National Drug Summit emphasizes the impact of smoking on health WA initiative Rotating health warning on packs are introduced. Smoking is prohibited on all domestic aircraft Smoking is phased out in all federal workplaces Western Australia initiates an agreement by all Health Ministers to introduce strong health warnings Tobacco pays for a series of newspaper advertisements to persuade the public that second hand smoke is not a health problem; ACOSH, with others, lodges a formal complaint with the Advertising Standards Council, which is upheld.
Justice Morling ultimately holds that the Tobacco Institute of Australia engaged in misleading or deceptive conduct, finding that second hand smoke is a cause of lung cancer, respiratory disease in children, and attacks of asthma. The Western Australian Public Service becomes a smoke-free workplace The Australian Government bans all cigarette advertising in print media Western Australian schools go smoke-free TAB agencies in Western Australia introduce smoke-free policies Point of Sale Advertising regulations under the Tobacco Control Act further restrict advertising and prohibit tobacco advertising outside of shops or in view of public places The Prospector train to Kalgoorlie goes smoke-free Western Australian Taxis go smoke-free, prohibiting both drivers and passengers from smoking Nicotine Replacement Therapies are avaialble for sale.
The Australian Government introduces new and stronger health warnings on cigarette packets ACOSH initiates the National Tobacco Scoreboard to recognise state, territory and federal achievements in tobacco control and draw attention to deficits in policy and funding commitments. The Federal Government removes all remaining tobacco sponsorships, including on international events A new national campaign, 'Every cigarette is doing you damage' begins The Western Australian Government establishes a task force on passive smoking in public places.
The Western Australian Government prohibits smoking in any public place where food is served. The Bill contains amendments to the Tobacco Control Act relating to advertising, sponsorships, packaging and labelling, exemptions, sales to minors, licensing, enforcement, administration, interpretations and judicial processes The ACCC rules against Tobacco under the Trade Practices Act realtive to its 'lights and milds' products and campaigns.
The suit also asserts that tobacco companies targeted baseball players who were minors i. Resources and reading. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of adolescents before and after the Grand Prix. The findings tend to confirm that such sporting events are efficient ways to increase cigarette consumption and brand identification, especially for older male adolescents.
Sponsorship of sports has been an important promotional avenue for tobacco companies in North America and around the world. This paper examines the corporate sponsorship objectives and strategies of tobacco companies, based primarily on historical documents from the British-American Tobacco Company; which has operations in over 80 countries, including Australia.
Tobacco company sponsorship practices include: developing sponsorship evaluation guidelines; extensive pre-promotion and post-promotion strategies for sponsored events; making full use of the event site for sponsorship identification; ensuring that sponsored events are televised; and using an extensive array of public relations practices to ensure maximum news coverage of a sponsored event.
Sport contexts provide an opportunity to deliver healthy activity and health promotion messages en masse, in an environment that is fun. The Smokefree Sports project ran a school-based programme for over Year 5 children in 32 Liverpool primary schools. This is the largest smoking prevention intervention to use sport in the United Kingdom. Over half of children In response to the program, Intention to smoke or not to smoke was significantly linked to family smoking status.
Evidence suggests that smoking patterns begin prior to experimentation with the development of attitudes, beliefs and intentions to smoke. When findings from previous research are considered in line with those from the current study, it is apparent that year old children represent an important cohort for primary prevention. Tobacco advertising ban in Australia, fact sheet , National Archives of Australia.
Numerous records relating to the tobacco industry and the lead-up to the ban on tobacco advertising in Australia are catalogued in the National Archives. Records include correspondence files, policy files, reports and Cabinet Office files. Tobacco promotion and the initiation of tobacco use: assessing the evidence for causality abstract , DiFranza J, et al. This review looks at the evidence of a causal link between exposure to tobacco promotion and the initiation of tobacco use by children.
This review of literature concludes that promotions of tobacco products are used to foster positive attitudes, beliefs, and expectations regarding tobacco use. This fosters intentions to use and increases the likelihood of initiation.
Greater exposure to promotion leads to higher risk. This is seen in diverse cultures and persists when other risk factors, such as socioeconomic status or parental and peer smoking, are controlled.
Causality is the only plausible scientific explanation for the observed data. The evidence satisfies the Hill criteria, indicating that exposure to tobacco promotion causes children to initiate tobacco use. This study analysed previously secret tobacco industry documents describing marketing the Virginia Slims brand and how the Philip Morris Company and competitors developed and adapted promotional campaigns targeting women.
Tobacco advertisers initially created distinct female brands with aspirational images that would appeal to young women. The need for established brands to evolve to maintain relevance to young women creates an opportunity for tobacco counter-marketing, which could undermine tobacco brand imagery by promoting smoke-free lifestyle images. Young women age 18—24 are extremely valuable to the tobacco industry, but this demographic also attracts attention of tobacco control programs and anti-smoking campaigns.
Lessons from the removal of tobacco sponsorship from sport. A couple of decades back tobacco advertising was plastered across Australian sports events. Then a rugby league club President spoke out. David Hill led the North Sydney Bears, and wanted an end to tobacco sponsorship. Australia got off to a slow start compared to other English-speaking Commonwealth countries in introducing bans on the broadcast of tobacco advertisements on television and radio, but since the s Australia has been a pioneer in the control of tobacco advertising and promotion.
Legislation to ban advertising of tobacco products was ACOSH's first major goal 1 and Gray's most important target in his lifelong commitment to cancer prevention. Dr Gray alone wrote to 14 different Ministers for Communication under seven different governments over the following 20 years. Direct cigarette advertising on radio and television was phased out over the three years between 1 September and 1 September Advertising which was construed as 'accidental or incidental' to a broadcast or transmission was allowed to continue, a provision included as a late amendment to the legislation before it was passed in There is little doubt that this amendment occurred in direct response to tobacco industry lobbying.
The tobacco industry had already managed to ensure major exposure on television in the US following a direct advertising ban by engaging in sponsorship of sport: they planned to do the same in Australia, provided the legislation gave them the opportunity. Internal industry documents from the s record the Australian general manager of Rothmans stating that the imminent:.
In October , the then Minister for Health, the Hon. Dr Neal Blewett, stated his support for a national ban on tobacco advertising in newspapers and magazines, advising that he would proceed with legislation provided he had the support of the states. In the following year Australian Government support was gained for a ban in the recommendations of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on the National Crime Authority. In May , that committee, comprising representatives from all major political parties, unanimously recommended to parliament that tobacco advertising be completely banned.
In August , Democrat Senator Janet Powell announced her intention to table the Smoking and Tobacco Products Advertisements Prohibition Bill, which proposed a ban on tobacco advertising in the print media, billboards and cinema, and to outlaw sporting sponsorship. The legislation was subsequently amended by the government to include print media locally produced newspapers and magazines , but to exclude cinema, billboard and sponsorship advertising, on the grounds that these more correctly fell within state jurisdictions.
New legislation passed in Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia between and sought to outlaw tobacco advertising through sport and the arts. Elsewhere in Australia the 'accidental or incidental' exemption in the Broadcasting Act and the legislation continued to allow advertising of tobacco products on player uniforms and at sporting venues. These were clearly readable in television broadcasts and newspaper photographs throughout the entire country. The association of sports people with tobacco was hugely beneficial to the image of tobacco products.
Sponsorship of sport and the arts also gave tobacco company executives access to politicians in an informal environment at functions associated with sporting and cultural events. With tobacco companies sponsoring all of the football codes Australian Rules, rugby and soccer , the Australian Opens in tennis and golf, motor racing in all forms, major opera and ballet companies and many other sports, arts and cultural groups, events and festivals, tobacco advertisements were ubiquitous.
Sport became the major battleground for further restrictions on tobacco advertising during the early s, particularly after health promotion foundations in Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and elsewhere demonstrated that alternative sponsors were not so difficult to attract. With the passage on 17 December of the Australian Government's Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act the Act , 7 most forms of tobacco sponsorship were phased out by December , with cricket sponsorship concluding on 30 April Sponsorship exemptions were granted to events that were of international importance that would otherwise not be held in Australia if sponsorship were banned.
Finally, after 31 December , advertising on billboards, illuminated signs and other outdoor signs could no longer be displayed. The maximum penalty for any regulated corporation to 'knowingly or recklessly' publish, or authorise or cause a tobacco advertisement to be published is penalty units.
Under the Act, 'Accidental or incidental' publication of tobacco advertisements is permitted if the advertisement is an accidental or incidental accompaniment to the publication of other matter and the publisher does not receive any direct or indirect benefit whether financial or not for publishing the advertisement in addition to any direct or indirect benefit that the person receives for publishing the other matter.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control WHO FCTC defines tobacco advertising and promotion as 'any form of commercial communication, recommendation or action with the aim, effect or likely effect of promoting a tobacco product or tobacco use either directly or indirectly' p4 and requires that each country shall 'undertake a comprehensive ban on all tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship' p Because of the comprehensiveness of its legislation, in Australia was described by British American Tobacco Australia officials as having one of the 'darkest markets in the world', rivalled only by Canada, in which to market tobacco products piii1.
While Australia closed most 'above-the-line' marketing opportunities to tobacco companies, the industry focused instead on non-traditional means of promotion, capitalising on legislative gaps and loopholes. Industry marketing efforts since the later s have included event promotions, trade marketing, in-store displays and innovative packaging. Additionally, the Australian Government has introduced the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Amendment Bill which seeks to make it an offence to advertise tobacco products on the Internet and in other forms of electronic media.
The Internet is clearly a major vehicle by which young people can be exposed to tobacco advertising and promotion and this legislative change aims to bring electronic means of advertising, whether on the Internet or by other electronic means, into line with other restrictions in place for other media.
At the time of writing, Australia is introducing world-leading legislation to implement its 29 April announcement 11,12 that, as of 1 July , all tobacco products will be required to be sold in standardised, plain packaging. This chapter outlines why tobacco advertising is a problem, examines existing Australian national, state and territory tobacco advertising legislation, and details recent and current marketing strategies of the tobacco industry.
A glossary of key advertising terms can be found in the box below.
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