The University of Texas Law School was far superior in its offerings and resources to the separate Black law school, which had been hastily established in a downtown basement. Significance: The Supreme Court held that Texas failed to provide separate but equal education, prefiguring the future opinion in Brown that "separate but equal is inherently unequal.
The Supreme Court invalidated the University of Oklahoma's requirement that a Black student, admitted to a graduate program unavailable to him at the state's Black school, sit in separate sections of, or in spaces adjacent to, the classroom, library, and cafeteria. Significance: The Supreme Court held that these restrictions were unconstitutional because it interfered with his "ability to study, to engage in discussions, and exchange views with other students, and, in general, to learn his profession.
Significance: The Bolling case became one of the consolidated Brown cases. The U. Supreme Court would eventually file a separate opinion on Bolling because the 14th Amendment was not applicable in Washington, D. On February 28, Brown v. Board of Education was filed in Federal district court, in Kansas. Prince Edward County , a challenge to Virginia's segregated schools. Significance: Davis et al. This South Carolina case went to trial. Marshall and the NAACP presented a vast array of social science evidence showing how segregation harmed Black school children, including evidence from sociologist Kenneth Clark's controversial "Doll Study.
Significance: The U. Judge Julius Waring was the lone dissenter. Significance: In August, a three-judge panel at the U. District Court unanimously held in the Brown v. Painter and McLaurin only applied to graduate education. Gebhart et al. Belton et al. Bulah et al. District court found in favor of the school board under the theory of "separate but equal. A Delaware court ruled that the plaintiffs in Gebhart et al. The board of education appealed the decision. The Supreme Court announced that it would hear oral arguments in Briggs and Brown during the upcoming October term.
Days before arguments were to be heard in Briggs and Brown , the Supreme Court announced a postponement. Three weeks later, the Court announced that it would also hear the Delaware cases, as well as Davis v.
Sharpe et al. Significance: The Supreme Court agreed to hear all five of the school desegregation cases collectively. This grouping was significant because it showed school segregation as a national issue, not just a southern one. Note: The Supreme Court eventually rendered a separate opinion on Bolling v.
Sharpe because the 14th Amendment to the U. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.
In , the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that racially segregated public facilities were legal, so long as the facilities for Black people and whites were equal.
But by the early s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP was working hard to challenge segregation laws in public schools, and had filed lawsuits on behalf of plaintiffs in states such as South Carolina , Virginia and Delaware. The case went before the U. Board of Ed. Board of Education of Topeka.
Thirteen years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson would appoint Marshall as the first Black Supreme Court justice. At first, the justices were divided on how to rule on school segregation, with Chief Justice Fred M.
Vinson holding the opinion that the Plessy verdict should stand. But in September , before Brown v. Eisenhower replaced him with Earl Warren , then governor of California. Displaying considerable political skill and determination, the new chief justice succeeded in engineering a unanimous verdict against school segregation the following year.
In its verdict, the Supreme Court did not specify how exactly schools should be integrated, but asked for further arguments about it. In May , the Court issued a second opinion in the case known as Brown v. While Kansas and some other states acted in accordance with the verdict, many school and local officials in the South defied it.
In one major example, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called out the state National Guard to prevent Black students from attending high school in Little Rock in May 25, May 16, August 19, A Tribute to Harry Briggs Jr. Board of July 28, Sherrilyn Ifill Argues Brown v. May 15, Elliott, Chairman, et al. The lawyers for the school boards based their defense primarily on precedent, such as the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, as well as on the importance of states' rights in matters relating to education.
Realizing the significance of their decision and being divided among themselves, the Supreme Court took until June to decide they would rehear arguments for all five cases. The arguments were scheduled for the following term. The Court wanted briefs from both sides that would answer five questions, all having to do with the attorneys' opinions on whether or not Congress had segregation in public schools in mind when the 14th amendment was ratified.
The Order of Argument shown above offers a window into the three days in December of during which the attorneys reargued the cases. The document lists the names of each case, the states from which they came, the order in which the Court heard them, the names of the attorneys for the appellants and appellees, the total time allotted for arguments, and the dates over which the arguments took place. The first case listed, Briggs v. Elliott , originated in Clarendon County, South Carolina, in the fall of Harry Briggs was one of 20 plaintiffs who were charging that R.
Elliott, as president of the Clarendon County School Board, violated their right to equal protection under the fourteenth amendment by upholding the county's segregated education law. Briggs featured social science testimony on behalf of the plaintiffs from some of the nation's leading child psychologists, such as Dr. Kenneth Clark, whose famous doll study concluded that segregation negatively affected the self-esteem and psyche of African-American children.
Such testimony was groundbreaking because on only one other occasion in U. The U. District Court's three-judge panel ruled against the plaintiffs, with one judge dissenting, stating that "separate but equal" schools were not in violation of the 14th amendment.
In his dissenting opinion shown above , Judge Waties Waring presented some of the arguments that would later be used by the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court. Marshall also argued the Davis v. Originally filed in May of by plaintiff's attorneys Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill, the Davis case, like the others, argued that Virginia's segregated schools were unconstitutional because they violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment.
And like the Briggs case, Virginia's three-judge panel ruled against the students who were identified as plaintiffs in the case. For more on this case, see Photographs from the Dorothy Davis Case. Listed third in the order of arguments, Brown v. As in the Briggs case, this case featured social science testimony on behalf of the plaintiffs that segregation had a harmful effect on the psychology of African-American children.
While that testimony did not prevent the Topeka judges from ruling against the plaintiffs, the evidence from this case eventually found its way into the wording of the Supreme Court's May 17, opinion. The Court concluded that:. Because Washington, D. Sharpe case was argued as a fifth amendment violation of "due process. When a District of Columbia parent, Gardner Bishop, unsuccessfully attempted to get 11 African-American students admitted into a newly constructed white junior high school, he and the Consolidated Parents Group filed suit against C.
With Houston's health already failing in when he filed suit, James Nabrit, Jr. By the time the case reached the Supreme Court on appeal, George E.
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